Motivating Students to Learn
· What is motivation ?
Motivation is a something that influence soemone to do something, keep to do something, and determine the direction of someone to do something in purpose. Motivation is very important for students, because without a motivation everybodies don’t want to do something. As an educator we not only improve our students motivation but also we should give them the way to discover, prompt, and sustain the students motivations. Motivation is important not only in getting students to engage an academic activities but also determining how much students will learn. Students who are motivated to learn something use higher cognitive processes in learning. Motivation to do something can come from many ways such as personality characteristic, intrinsic characteristics of task, and sources extrinsic to the task.
· What are some theories of motivation ?
Ø Motivation and Behavioral Learning Theory
o Rewards and reinforcement
o Determining the Value of an Incentive
Ø Motivation and Human Needs
o Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
a. Deficiency needs : basic requirements for physical and psychological well-being as identified by Maslow.(Esteem needs, belongingness and tove needs, safety needs, and psychological needs)
b. Growth needs : needs for knowing, appreciating, and understanding, which people try to satisfy after their basic needs are met. (Self actualization need, aesthetic needs, and need to know and understand)
o Self- Actualization
A person’s ability to develop his or her full potential
o Implications of Maslow’s Theory for Education
Ø Motivation and Attribution Theory
o Attribution theory
A theory of motivation that focuses on how people explain the causes if their own successes and failures.
o Locus of control
A personality trait that determines whether people attribute responsibility for their own failure or success to internal or external factors.
o Implications of Attribution and Self-Efficacy for Education
Ø Motivation and Self-Regulated Learning
Students who are highly motivated to learn something are more likely than other students to consciously plan their learning, carry out learning plan, and retain the information they obtain.
Ø Motivation and Expetancy Theory
A theory of motivation based on the belief that people’s efforts to achieve depend on their expetations of reward.
o Expetancy-valence Model
A theory that related the probability and the incentive value of success to motivation.
o Implications of Expetancy Theory for Education
· How can achievement motivation be enhanced ?
Achievement motivation is the desire to experience success and to participate in activities in which success depends on personal effort and abilities.
Ø Motivation and Goal Orientations
o Learning Goals
The goals of students who are motivated primarily by desire for knowledge acquisition and self-improvement. Also called mastery goals.
o Performance Goals
The goals of students who are motivated primarily by a desire to gain recognition from others and to earn good grades.
Ø Learned Helplessness
The expetation, based on experience, that one’s actions will ultimately lead to failure. Helping students overcome learned helplessness, as tthe following :
o Accentuate the positive
o Eliminate the negative
o Go from the familiar to new, using advance recognizers or guided discovery
o Creates challenges in which students actively create problems and solve tehm using their own knowledge and skills
Ø Teacher Expectations and Achievement
o Communicating Positive Expectations
a. Wait for students to respond
b. Avoid unecessary achievement distinctions among students
c. Treat all students equally
Ø Anxiety and Achievement
Anxiety is a constant companion of education. Every student feels some anxiety at some time while in school but for certain students, anxiety seriously inhibits learning or performance, particularly on tests.
· How can teachers increase students’ motivation to learn ?
Ø Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
o Intrinsic Incentive
An aspect of an activity that people enjoy and therefore find motivating.
o Extrinsic Incentive
A reward that is external to the activity, such as recognition or a good grade.
Ø How can teachers enhance intrinsic motivation ?
o Arousing Interest
o Maintaining Curiosity
o Giving a Variety of Interesting Presentation Modes
o Helping Students Set Their Own Goals
Ø Principles for Providing Extrinsic Incentives to Learn
o Expressing Clear Expectations
o Providing Clear Feedback
o Providing Immediate Feedback
o Providing Frequent Feedback
o Increasing the Value and Avaibility of extrinsic Motivators
Ø Using Praise Effectively
Praise serves many purposes in classroom instruction but is primarily used to reinforce appropiate behaviors and to give feedback to students on what they are doing right. Praise is effective as a classroom when it si contingent, specific, and credible.
o Contingent Praise
Praise that is effective because it refers directly to specific task performances.
Ø Teaching Students to Praise Themselves
There is increasing evidence that students can learn to praise themselves and that this increases their academic success. For example, children can learn to mentally give theirselves a pat on the back when they finish a task or to stop at regular intervals to notesw how much they they have done.
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